Windows 95 supports up to vcredist 6.0.

Windows 98 and Me supports up to vcredist 2005. With extended kernel it supports 2008.

Windows 2000 supports up to vcredist 2008. With extended kernel it supports up to 2019 (use Windows Legacy Update).

Windows XP supports up to vcredist 2019 14.27 (Source) or 14.28 (Source).

vcredist 2019's last version is 14.29, from Visual Studio version 16.11, dated 2021/08/10

Windows Vista supports up to vcredist 2022 14.32 (Source).

vcredist 2022 is the last to support Windows 7/8/8.1. Its last version is 14.44.35211.0, from Visual Studio version 17.14, dated 2025/05/13

vcredist 2026 only supports Windows 10 and above.

Notes

There's no vcredist 2003; the dlls are installed with .NET Framework 1.1 SDK. (source)

Supposedly, the ATL and MFC security updates do not install the full redist, and only the original SP1 redist (x86, x64) does (1, 2); however, I inspected the setup and found that the files inside are the same.